Verbs

Verbs carry the idea of being or action in the sentence.

• I am a student.
• The students passed all their courses.

Articles, Determiners, and Quantifiers

Definition

Articles, determiners, and quantifiers are those little words that precede and modify nouns:

the teacher, a college, a bit of honey, that person, those people, whatever purpose, either way, your choice

Adverbs

Definition

Adverbs are words that modify

Phrase

A phrase is a group of related words that does not include a subject and verb. (If the group of related words does contain a subject and verb, it is considered a clause.) There are several different kinds of phrases. Understanding how they are constructed and how they function within a sentence can bolster a writer's confidence in writing sentences that are sound in structure and various in form.

Conjunctions

Definition

Some words are satisfied spending an evening at home, alone, eating ice-cream right out of the box, watching Seinfeld re-runs on TV, or reading a good book. Others aren't happy unless they're out on the town, mixing it up with other words; they're joiners and they just can't help themselves. A conjunction is a joiner, a word that connects (conjoins) parts of a sentence.

Adjectives

Definition

Adjectives are words that describe or modify another person or thing in the sentence. The Articles — a, an, and the — are adjectives.

Predicate, Objects, and Complements

Predicates

A predicate is the completer of a sentence. The subject names the "do-er" or "be-er" of the sentence; the predicate does the rest of the work. A simple predicate consists of only a verb, verb string, or compound verb:

Clauses

Clauses adalah serangkaian kata yang mengandung subjek (pokok kalimat) dan predikat (sebutan kalimat). Dalam bahasa Inggris ada 2 macam Clauses, yaitu, Main Clauses (Induk Kalimat) dan Subordinate Clauses (Anak Kalimat). Perhatikan penjelasannya di bawah ini: 

1. MAIN CLAUSE 

Main Clause (induk kalimat) disebut juga dengan Independent Clauses adalah serangkaian kata yang mengandung subjek dan predikat yang telah mempunyai pengertian sempurna (jelas), dan dapat berdiri sendiri, artinya tidak tergantung pada Clause yang lain. 

Contoh: 

• We study English. 
• English is an international language. 
• She has finished working. 

2. SUBORDINATIVE CLAUSE

Subordinate Clause (anak kalimat) disebut jugs dengan Dependent Clause, adalah serangkaian kata yang mengandung subjek dan predikat tetapi belum mempunyai pengertian yang sempurna, dan tidak dapat berdiri sendiri, artinya tergantung pads kata-kata yang lain (Main Clause).

Contoh: 

• I will go if you go. 
• She won’t come unless you invite her. 
• I enjoy my job although I work long hours. 

Kata-kata yang dimiringkan di atas ialah contoh dependent clause (mengandung subject dan verb). Namun, Clause tersebut tidak dapat berdiri sendiri sebagai kalimat utuh jika tidak melekat pada main clause (yang tidak dicetak miring). Berdasarkan fungsi (penggunaannya) subordinative Clauses diklasifikasikan menjadi 3 macam, yaitu: NOUN CLAUSE, ADJECTIVE CLAUSE, ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

Short explanation: Part of Speech

Three little words you often see are ARTICLES
Ex. : a, an, and the.

A NOUN's the name of anything,
Ex.: school or garden, toy, or swing.

ADJECTIVES tell the kind of noun,
Ex.: great, small, pretty, white, or brown.

VERBS tell of something being done:
Ex.:To read, write, count, sing, jump, or run.

How things are done the ADVERBS tell,
Ex.: slowly, quickly, badly, well.

CONJUNCTIONS join the words together,
Ex.: men and women, wind or weather.

The PREPOSITION stands before A noun
Ex.: in or through a door.

The INTERJECTION shows surprise
Ex.: Oh, how pretty! Ah! how wise!

The whole are called the PARTS of SPEECH, which reading, writing, speaking teach.

Uses of Used to

The auxiliary verb construction used to is used to express an action that took place in the past, perhaps customarily, but now that action no longer customarily takes place:

• We used to take long vacation trips with the whole family.

The spelling of this verb is a problem for some people because the "-ed" ending quite naturally disappears in speaking: "We yoostoo take long trips." But it ought not to disapp

ear in writing. There are exceptions, though. When the auxiliary is combined with another auxiliary, did, the past tense is carried by the new auxiliary and the "-ed" ending is dropped. This will often happen in the interrogative:

• Didn't you use to go jogging every morning before breakfast?
• It didn't use to be that way.

Used to can also be used to convey the sense of being accustomed to or familiar with something:

• The tire factory down the road really stinks, but we're used to it by now.
• I like these old sneakers; I'm used to them.

Used to is best reserved for colloquial usage; it has no place in formal or academic text.

Uses of Will and Would

In certain contexts, will and would are virtually interchangeable, but there are differences. Notice that the contracted form 'll is very frequently used for will.

Will can be used to express willingness:

• I'll wash the dishes if you dry.
• We're going to the movies. Will you join us?

It can also express intention (especially in the first person):

• I'll do my exercises later on.
  

and prediction:

• specific: The meeting will be over soon.
• timeless: Humidity will ruin my hairdo.
• habitual: The river will overflow its banks every spring.

Would can also be used to express willingness:

• Would you please take off your hat?

It can also express insistence (rather rare, and with a strong stress on the word "would"):

• Now you've ruined everything. You would act that way.

and characteristic activity:

• customary: After work, he would walk to his home in West Hartford.
• typical (casual): She would cause the whole family to be late, every time.

In a main clause, would can express a hypothetical meaning:

• My cocker spaniel would weigh a ton if I let her eat what she wants.

Finally, would can express a sense of probability:

• I hear a whistle. That would be the five o'clock train.

Uses of May and Might

Two of the more troublesome modal auxiliaries are may and might. When used in the context of granting or seeking permission, might is the past tense of may. Might is considerably more tentative than may.

• May I leave class early?
• If I've finished all my work and I'm really quiet, might I leave early?

In the context of expressing possibility, may and might are interchangeable present and future forms and might + have + past participle is the past form:

• She might be my advisor next semester.
• She may be my advisor next semester.
• She might have advised me not to take biology.

Avoid confusing the sense of possibility in may with the implication of might, that a hypothetical situation has not in fact occurred. For instance, let's say there's been a helicopter crash at the airport. In his initial report, before all the facts are gathered, a newscaster could say that the pilot "may have been injured." After we discover that the pilot is in fact all right, the newscaster can now say that the pilot "might have been injured" because it is a hypothetical situation that has not occurred. Another example: a body had been identified after much work by a detective. It was reported that "without this painstaking work, the body may have remained unidentified." Since the body was, in fact, identified, might is clearly called for.

Can versus May

Whether the auxiliary verb can can be used to express permission or not — "Can I leave the room now?" ["I don't know if you can, but you may."] — depends on the level of formality of your text or situation. As Theodore Bernstein puts it in The Careful Writer, "a writer who is attentive to the proprieties will preserve the traditional distinction: can for ability or power to do something, may for permission to do it.

The question is at what level can you safely ignore the "proprieties." Merriam-Webster's Dictionary, tenth edition, says the battle is over and can can be used in virtually any situation to express or ask for permission. Most authorities, however, recommend a stricter adherence to the distinction, at least in formal situations.

Uses of Can and Could

The modal auxiliary can is used

• to express ability (in the sense of being able to do something or knowing how to do something):
  He can speak Spanish but he can't write it very well.
• to expression permission (in the sense of being allowed or permitted to do something):
  Can I talk to my friends in the library waiting room? (Note that can is less formal than may. Also, some writers will object to the use of can in this context.)
• to express theoretical possibility:
  American automobile makers can make better cars if they think there's a profit in it.

The modal auxiliary could is used

• to express an ability in the past:
  I could always beat you at tennis when we were kids.
• to express past or future permission:
  Could I bury my cat in your back yard?
• to express present possibility:
  We could always spend the afternoon just sitting around talking.
• to express possibility or ability in contingent circumstances:
  If he studied harder, he could pass this course.

In expressing ability, can and could frequently also imply willingness: Can you help me with my homework?

Uses of Do, Does and Did

In the simple present tense, do will function as an auxiliary to express the negative and to ask questions. (Does, however, is substituted for third-person, singular subjects in the present tense. The past tense did works with all persons, singular and plural.)

• I don't study at night.
• She doesn't work here anymore.
• Do you attend this school?
• Does he work here?

These verbs also work as "short answers," with the main verb omitted.

• Does she work here? No, she doesn't work here.

With "yes-no" questions, the form of do goes in front of the subject and the main verb comes after the subject:

• Did your grandmother know Truman?
• Do wildflowers grow in your back yard?

Forms of do are useful in expressing similarity and differences in conjunction with so and neither.

• My wife hates spinach and so does my son.
• My wife doesn't like spinach; neither do I.

Do is also helpful because it means you don't have to repeat the verb:

• Larry excelled in language studies; so did his brother.
• Raoul studies as hard as his sister does.

The so-called emphatic do has many uses in English.

1. To add emphasis to an entire sentence: "He does like spinach. He really does!"
2. To add emphasis to an imperative: "Do come in." (actually softens the command)
3. To add emphasis to a frequency adverb: "He never did understand his father." "She always does manage to hurt her mother's feelings."
4. To contradict a negative statement: "You didn't do your homework, did you?" "Oh, but I did finish it."
5. To ask a clarifying question about a previous negative statement: "Ridwell didn't take the tools." "Then who did take the tools?"
6. To indicate a strong concession: "Although the Clintons denied any wrong-doing, they did return some of the gifts."

In the absence of other modal auxiliaries, a form of do is used in question and negative constructions known as the get passive:

• Did Rinaldo get selected by the committee?
• The audience didn't get riled up by the politician.

Based on descriptions in Grammar Dimensions: Form, Meaning, and Use 2nd Ed. by Jan Frodesen and Janet Eyring. Heinle & Heinle: Boston. 1997. Examples our own.

Uses of Have, Has and Had

Forms of the verb to have are used to create tenses known as the present perfect and past perfect. The perfect tenses indicate that something has happened in the past; the present perfect indicating that something happened and might be continuing to happen, the past perfect indicating that something happened prior to something else happening. (That sounds worse than it really is!) See the section on Verb Tenses in the Active Voice for further explanation; also review material in the Directory of English Tenses.

To have is also in combination with other modal verbs to express probability and possibility in the past.

• As an affirmative statement, to have can express how certain you are that something happened (when combined with an appropriate modal + have + a past participle): "Georgia must have left already." "Clinton might have known about the gifts." "They may have voted already."
• As a negative statement, a modal is combined with not + have + a past participle to express how certain you are that something did not happen: "Clinton might not have known about the gifts." "I may not have been there at the time of the crime."
• To ask about possibility or probability in the past, a modal is combined with the subject + have + past participle: "Could Clinton have known about the gifts?"
• For short answers, a modal is combined with have: "Did Clinton know about this?" "I don't know. He may have." "The evidence is pretty positive. He must have."

To have (sometimes combined with to get) is used to express a logical inference:

• It's been raining all week; the basement has to be flooded by now.
• He hit his head on the doorway. He has got to be over seven feet tall!

Have is often combined with an infinitive to form an auxiliary whose meaning is similar to "must."

• I have to have a car like that!
• She has to pay her own tuition at college.
• He has to have been the first student to try that.

Based on the analysis in Grammar Dimensions: Form, Meaning, and Use 2nd Ed. by Jan Frodesen and Janet Eyring. Heinle & Heinle: Boston. 1997. Examples our own.

Uses of Shall and Will and Should

In England, shall is used to express the simple future for first person I and we, as in "Shall we meet by the river?" Will would be used in the simple future for all other persons. Using will in the first person would express determination on the part of the speaker, as in "We will finish this project by tonight, by golly!" Using shall in second and third persons would indicate some kind of promise about the subject, as in "This shall be revealed to you in good time." This usage is certainly acceptable in the U.S., although shall is used far less frequently. The distinction between the two is often obscured by the contraction 'll, which is the same for both verbs.

Patient and Doctor

Patient : Doctor, a bee has stung me. The pain is unbearable.
Doctor : Don’t worry; I’ll apply some cream on it.
Patient : You’ll never find that bee. It must be faraway.
Doctor : No, I’ll apply the cream on the place where you were stung.
Patient : Oh! It happened in the park where I was sitting under a tree.
Doctor : No, No, you are mistaken; I mean, on the part of your body where the bee stung you.
Patient : Oh, it was on my finger!
Doctor : Which one?
Patient : How am I to know? All bees look the same to me.
Doctor : Oh my God! I have never come across such a foolish person in my life!

Helping and Modal Auxiliary Verbs

Helping verbs or auxiliary verbs such as will, shall, may, might, can, could, must, ought to, should, would, used to, need are used in conjunction with main verbs to express shades of time and mood. The combination of helping verbs with main verbs creates what are called verb phrases or verb strings. In the following sentence, "will have been" are helping or auxiliary verbs and "studying" is the main verb; the whole verb string is underlined:

Talking to a Foreigner

A: Good afternoon, Sir. Can I help you?

(Selamat siang Pak. Apakah ada yang bisa saya bantu?)

B: Yes, thanks. It’s very kind of you.

(Terima kasih, anda sangat baik sekali)

A: Are you tourist?

(Apakah anda turis?)

B: Yes I am. I come from holand. My name is Graaf. I’m glad to meet you.

(Ya. Saya dating dari holand. Nama saya Graaf. Senang bertemu dengan anda)

A: The pleasure is mine. My name is Ibrahim. I’m is a native here.

How long have you been here?

(Sama sama. Nama saya Ibrahim. Saya penduduk asli sini. Sudah berapa lama anda tinggal disini?)

B: I’ve been here for five days.

(Saya sudah 5 hari disini)

A: Are you going to stay for long?

(Apakah anda tinggal disini untuk waktu yang lama?)

B: No, I’m just on a short holiday.

(Tidak. Saya tinggal disini hanya pada masa liburan ini saja)

A: How long are you going to stay?

(Berapa lama anda akan tinggal disini?)

B: I hope to stay about two weeks.

(Sekitar 2 minggu)

A: Are you enjoying it here?

(Apakah disini menyenangkan?)

B: Yes, I like it very much.

(Ya, saya sangat suka sekali)

A:Is it too hot for you?

(Apakah disini menurut anda panas sekali menurut anda?)

B: It’s hot, but not to hot.

(Panas biasa, tidak terlalu panas sekali)

A: And how do you find the feed?

(Dari mana anda mendapatkan makanan ini?)

B:It’s delicious and very tasty.

(Ini sangat enak)

A:Where are you staying?

(Dimana anda tinggal?)

B:I’m staying Mr and Mrs Azziz.

(Saya tinggal bersama Mr and Mrs Azziz)

A: Yes I know them very well. I hope you have a nice holiday here.

(Ya. Saya kenal dengan mereka. Semoga liburan anda menyenangkan.)

B: Thank you. I’m sure I will.

Simple Presentation

Pengantar

• (Good morning, afternoon, evening)
• I'm happy to be here.
• I'm glad to have this opportunity to...

Asking and Giving instruction

Meminta Instruksi

• How do you (do this)?
• How do I . . . ?

Shopping

Dalam berbelanja, ada standard percakapan yang harus kita ketahui. Walaupun kita tahu bahwa dalam percakapan tidaklah kaku, sangat bergantung pada situasi pada saat kita berbelanja. Namun sebagai panduan untuk Anda dalam berbelanja dan ekspresi apa saja yang biasanya umum dalam percakapan Bahasa Inggris, silahkan perhatikan contoh percakapan atau ekspresi di bawah ini.

Namun, tetap ingat, ini hanyalah contoh, kita dapat mengembangkannya sesuai dengan kebutuhan di lapangan.

Catatan:
A dan X adalah orang 1 yang berbicara.
B dan Y adalah orang 2 yang berbicara.

_______________________________________

A: Where are the pencils?
B: They're on the second shelf.
A: Okay, thanks.

X: How much is this mirror?
Y: It's $19.95.
X: Okay. I'll take it.

A: How much does this cost?
B: That one is $5.00.
A: How about this one?

X: How much are these?
Y: They're $4.00 each.
X: That's too expensive.

A: Do you have any t-shirts?
B: What size? Medium or Large?
A: Large.

X: That comes to $26.59.
Y: Here's $30.00.
X: Your change is $3.41

A: That will be $17.48.
B: Here's $17.50. Keep the change.
A: Thanks.

_______________________________________

Artinya:A: Pinsil di sebelah mana ya?
B: Di rak yang kedua.
A: Terima kasih.

X: Berapa harga Cermin ini?
Y: Harganya $19.95.
X: OK. Saya ambil.

A: Berapa harganya ini?
B: Itu $5.00.
A: Kalau yang ini berapa?

X: Berapa harganya ini?
Y: Satu $4.00.
X: Mahal kali.

A: Ada Kaos?
B: Ukuran apa? Sedang atau besar?
A: Yang besar.

X: Itu Harganya $26.59.
Y: Ini $30.00.
X: Kembaliannya $3.41

A: Itu harganya $17.48.
B: Ini $17.50. Ambil saja kembaliannya
A: Terima kasih

Expressing Thanks

Memang bukanlah hal yang sulit bagi kita untuk mengucapkan terima kasih dalam Bahasa Inggris, namun demikian ada beberapa bentuk cara mengucapkan terima kasih dalam Bahasa Inggris. Hal ini perlu diketahui agar apa yang kita ucapkan tidak monoton dan ada variasi dan terdengar indah.

At A Store

Menyambung pelajaran kita terdahulu tentang cara berbelanja, maka kita mungkin akan mendapati percakapan di toko seperti di bawah ini:

Ketika Anda masuk ke sebuah toko, percakapan yang terjadi mungkin seperti berikut ini:

Penjualnya mungkin berkata:

• May I help you?
• Can I help you?
• Can I help you find something?
• What can I do for you?

Kita mungkin berkata:

• Excuse me. Do you work here?
• Can I ask you something?

Pelanggan biasanya meresponnya dengan ungkapan berikut:

• Yes. I'm looking for ________________.
• Do you have any ___________ (s)?
• Can you tell me where the ___________is/are?

Ketika Pelanggan ingin meninggalkan toko:

Penjual/Penjaga Toko:

• Did you find everything you needed?
  (Sudah dapat yang Anda butuhkan?)

• Did you find what you were looking for?
  (Sudah dapat yang Anda cari?)

• Will that be all (for today)?
  (Sudah semua)

• Is that everything?
• (Will there be) anything else?

Pelanggan:

• That's all for today.
• That's it. Thanks.

Introducing Yourself

Kadangkala kita sering diminta untuk memperkenalkan diri di depan teman atau orang lain pada saat pertama sekali kita masuk kelas, masuk kerja atau pada saat interview. Walaupun contoh berikut ini sangatlah sederhana, namun mungkin cukup untuk pemula.

Daily Expression

Berikut ini adalah ungkapan-ungkapan yang umum dan sering digunakan dalam percakapan sehari-hari.

Telling Time

Menyatakan waktu dalam Bahasa Inggris tidaklah sesukar yang kita bayangkan. Ingat saja aturan main seperti dijelaskan di bawah ini:

Bentuk Pertanyaan

• What Time is it? (Jam Berapa Sekarang?)

Alternatif Bentuk Jawaban

• 7:00 = It's seven o'clock
  = It's seven p.m.
  = It's seven a.m.

• 12:00 = It's twelve o'clock
  = It's noon / midnight

• 08:10 = It's ten (minutes) past eight
  = It's eight ten
  = It's ten after eight

• 08:50 = It's ten to nine
  = It's eight fifty
  = It's ten before nine

• 08:15 = It's a quarter past eight
• 08:45 = It's a quarter to nine
• 08:07 = It's seven minutes past eight

Keterangan:

• Untuk menyatakan waktu/jam, ucapkan menit dulu baru kemudian jam
• Jika bilangan menitnya lewat dari 30, maka gunakan to atau before.
• Pengunaan after dan before adalah cara American English.
• Untuk cara yang paling mudah, gunakan saja cara bahasa Indonesia, contoh pukul 09:20 (nine twenty).

Asking About Place And Location

Pada saat kita berada di sebuah lokasi yang terasa baru buat kita dan kita ingin mendapatkan informasi tentang sebuah tempat atau lokasi, maka kita harus perhatikan cara yang tepat untuk menanyakannya. Sebab, salah bertanya, mungkin orang lain yang kita tanya tidak akan memberitahukan apa yang kita cari, walaupun mereka tahu.

Telephone Talk

Cara yang baik ketika kita bertelepon adalah sebagai berikut:

Bertelepon
R "Penerima Telepon" dan C "Orang Yang Menelpon."

Conversation 1
Rrrrring.
R: Hello.
C: Hello. Is Steve there?
R: I'm sorry. He's not here right now.
C: What time will he be back?
R: Around five thirty.
C: This afternoon?
R: Yes. May I ask who's calling?
C: This is his friend, Greg.
R: Okay. I'll tell him you called.
C: Thanks.

Conversation 2
Rrrrring.
R: Tyler residence.
C: Is this Naomi?
R: No, this is her sister, Nancy.
C: You sure sound like Naomi.
R: Oh. Can I take a message?
C: Sure. Please tell her that Andy called.
R: Okay. I'll give her the message.
C: Thanks.
R: Bye.

Useful Expression

Ungkapan di bawah ini mungkin akan bermanfa'at buat Anda. Kami sengaja mengkoleksinya hanya untuk Anda.

Accepting And Refusing

Kalau Anda menolak sesuatu, maka tolaklah dengan cara dan bahasa/ekspresi yang sopan, sehingga tidak akan menyinggung perasaan orang yang menawarkannya kepada Anda. Perhatikan contoh-contoh ekspresinya berikut ini: Tulisan berwarna biru adalah cara menolak dengan cara yang sopan.

Asking For Repetition

Pada saat kita berbicara dengan orang lain, terkadang kita tidak dapat dengan jelas apa yang ia sedang bicarakan. Nah, untuk meminta agar ia mengulang apa yang ia ucapkan, maka gunakan ekspresi seperti dibawah ini:

Caranya adalah sebagai berikut:

• Pardon?
• I beg your pardon?
• Excuse me?
• I'm sorry?

Jadi, mulai sekarang, jangan gunakan "what?" lagi, ya.

Agreeing and Disagreeing

Di bawah ini adalah cara Anda menyatakan ekspresi setuju dan tidak setuju.

Introducing Other People

Kalau pada pelajaran terdahulu, kita telah belajar bagaimana kita memperkenalkan diri sendiri, maka pada pelajaran berikut, kita akan mempelajari bagaimana kita memperkenalkan orang lain.

Latihan

A: Orang yang Memperkenalkan
B: Orang Yang dikenalkan
C: Orang Yang dikenalkan

Contoh

A: Have you two met each other?
B: No, we haven't.
A: Ben, this is Carol. Carol this is Ben. (B dan C saling berjabatan tangan.)
B: Nice to meet you Carol.
C: Nice to meet you too, Ben.

Follow-up:

Setelah Anda dikenalkan, biasanya Anda akan bertanya hal-hal umu lainnya seperti percakapan berikut ini.
B: Where are you from, Carol?
C: I'm from Connecticut.
B: Connecticut, which part?
C: Hartford, the capital. How about you, Ben?
B: Nebraska--a place called Bellevue. It's near Omaha.
C: How do you know Alan (A)?
B: He is my friend from college.

Jangan tanyakan hal-hal berikut ini:

• Umur
• Tanggal Lahir
• Gaji
• Berat Badan
• Status Perkawinan
• Agama
• Nomor Sepatu
• Dan hal-hal lain yang tidak sopan untuk ditanyakan

Commenting

Jika Anda ingin membuat sebuah komentar dalam sebuah percakapan yang sedang berlangsung, kita harus sopan dan memperhatikan apa yang baru saja diucapkan seseorang sebelum Anda menyampaikan komentar Anda.

Giving Opinion

Terkadang kita sering berkeinginan untuk mengeluarkan pendapat kita, namun tidak jarang kita tidak sanggup mengatakannya karena tidak tahu bagaimana caranya menyampaikan pendapat yang baik sesuai dengan kaidah Bahasa Inggris.

Discussing Sensitive Topics

Hati-hatilah ketika Anda berbicara dengan orang lain, apalagi tentang sesuatu yang sangat sensitif. Jangan sampai melukai hatinya. Ingat kata pepatah: "Mulutmu adalah Harimaumu."

Perhatikan caranya sebagai berikut:

Asking Permission

Perhatikan cara kita meminta ijin di bawah ini:

Conceding To Make A Point

Ketika kita berbicara, kadangkala ada sedikit perdebatan yang mungkin akan semakin panas jika kita lanjutkan perdebatan tersebut. Oleh karena itu, kita perlu mengalah untuk menyampaikan sesuatu. Perhatikan cara menyampaikannya:

Short Functional: Birthday Party Letter

To: All my beloved friends and family

Come to my 14th birthday! Bring your sincere present and don’t forget to pray for God.

Place: McDonald

Attire: Formal Attire
Time: 07.00 p.m-08.00 p.m
Date: 22 th January 2013
Games: Clown, pinata, hide and seek, egg bounce, and many more

I’m waiting for your coming! Come before 07.00 pm and wear your formal attire!
My sincere greeting,

Dina

bisa juga Contoh Surat Undangan Ulang tahun dalam bahasa inggris sebagai berikut :

Dear best friend

how are you miss? I hope you fine.

Oh yeah, I will miss Come to my 11th birthday! Bring your sincere present and don’t forget to pray for God.

Place: Apollo Restaurant
Attire: Formal Attire
Time: 07.00 p.m-.08.00 p.m
Date: 13th January 2013

I’m waiting for your coming! Come before 07.00 pm and wear your formal attire!
 

Thank for your attention miss

My sincere greeting,

your friend

bisa juga surat undangan ulang tahun dalam bahasa inggris seperti berikut :

To: All my beloved friends and family

Come to my 13th birthday! Bring your sincere present and don’t forget to pray for God.

Place : My home. Jl. Rimba no. 12

Date : Sunday, 23th September 2012.

Time : 08.00 a.m - 10.00 a.m

Games : Clown, pinata, hide and seek, egg bounce, and many more

I’m waiting for your coming! Come before 08.00 am.My sincere greeting

Dika

Short Functional: Personal Letter Surat Pribadi

A personal letter is a type of letter which provides communication between a small number of people, usually two. Personal letter is a letter that is used for personal gain,  personal affairs. For example the letter of a child to his parents or a letter for a friend.

The characteristics: Not using letterhead and The use of language freely, in accordance with the wishes of the writter of the letter.There are many types of personal letters and they are written for a wide variety of reasons:

One person wishes to attain information from an individual or a business.
One person wishes to tell somebody about themselves, as in pen pals.
One person wishes to present to an individual or a business a social note, such as a thank-you or a congratulation.
One person wishes to communicate with an acquaintance - friend or family, for example in order to maintain and reinforce the bond between them.

Beberapa contoh surat pribadi

Dear Lucy,
Well, another year has passed. I just can’t believe that it went so quickly. I’ve been studying for my exams and I finished high school. Now I start my studies at medical college and I really miss the time that we spent together. I am so sorry because I didn’t send letters for you. Actually I lost your address and I was lucky to find it again.And how are you? I hope that you and your family are all right. Did you join the Interior Design College as you always wished? I really want to know your latest news and know everything about your studies.I’m writing to tell you that I have been to Europe and it was great. Do you believe that I met our friend Yara in France? It was by accident. She has been there for five years. She got married and she is waiting for her baby now.Well that’s all about me and we’re all doing fine here. Take care!Your best friend,
Sandra

My Dearest Friend, LisaYou are my best friend ever. You will always understand me though others won't. When you decided to study abroad, I was so confused whether I could have a friend like you anymore. I remember the last time we met, you said to me that it would be OK, we would have friendship for good.During months, I attempted to adapt myself to my new class in this university. Yeah, finally I could. I found a girl who could support me as well as you. Her name is Dahlia. I felt that I was happy to be her friend because she reminds me with the girl next to me last three months in Junior High School. Yes, she is as the best friend of mine as you.Even though we are now many miles away, I do believe the time when we can get together will come soon, doesn't it? You should reply "YES" in order that I, Dahlia and you will be three best girl ever in the world. The sooner the better!!!!. Hmm... Yeah, and I miss you so much. I am always longing to see you...When you come, I do promise to introduce Hendra, the person you admire... :) So, when will you come back?
your old friend,
Anisa

Dear Tigger,I never thought that I could ever love again but you came into my life 3 months ago and showed me that I can. I have never been as in love with anyone before as I am with you, every day you bring something new. You make me laugh and have never made me cry. Without your love I would probably die.
I promise you this, from this day forth: I will love you forever - don't' ever doubt that. I will never want anyone else's touch but yours; you make me feel like I am the only woman in the world. You are the only man in the world as far as I am concerned. You are my heart and soul. I feel as though we are meant to be together, that we have been brought together by God. I have always believed that I had a soul mate out there and I am sure that is you, I see it every time I look into your eyes and I feel it when you hold me in your arms. Baby, my sweet baby, I love you.Yours always,
Michele

Dear Jesse,There are no words to express how I feel about you. I constantly search for the words, and they all seem less than I truly feel. You are my life, my heart, and my soul. You are my best friend. You are my one true love. I still remember the day we first met. I knew that you were the one I was meant to be with forever. As the years went by and we drifted apart, I still held onto the memory of you. I thought of you every day, and dreamed of you each night.Just when I thought you had forgotten me, you would call and make all my dreams seem real. The sound of your voice on the line, was the sweetest sound I would ever find. Then one day you gave me a call, and told me I might have a chance to rectify it all. My heart was beating hard within my chest. My hand was shaking and I could barely breathe. Then you came out to see me and I knew it was meant to be. Those were the sweetest days, of memories of the past. It went so quickly, I wanted it to last.The day you left, I wanted to die. You called me again, your voice on the line. I had to be near you, lying on your chest. I need to show you, that you were the best. So I made the decision to tell you how I feel. When you said you felt the same, I felt it was a dream. I packed up my stuff and altered my life. I never looked back, now you will make me your wife.I am on a cloud, living in a dream, and a few days from now, it will really feel real. I wrote this letter for you to keep, and when you need a reminder of how I feel. I've said it before and I'll say it again, words cannot express how you make me feel. I make this promise to you my dear, to love you the way that you love me. I now look to the future and forget the past, your life is mine and we will make it last. I love you more today than I did yesterday, and I'll love you more tomorrow than I do today. With all my heart I am forever yours.Love Always and Forever,
Jennifer

Dear Anuj,You mean the world to me and I care about you so deeply that it hurts for the short time that we are not together each day. My every thought and breath, I draw from you and I truly do love you.I love you and you are my world. You are the most sweetest, most precious man in my life. All my life I prayed for someone like you and I thank God that I finally found you. Love, promise me that you will always be mine. I know in my heart our love will never die. You will always be a part of me and I am a part of you indefinitely.I don't find enough words to describe how I feel about you. You possess all the color and beauty of heavens, lush and satiny. Do you know how much I hunger for your gentle touch and the warmth embrace of your body?I love you; you are my every heartbeat and my every breath.Love always,
Maya

Dear Sandra,Never in my wildest dreams did I think I would meet a woman that could captivate and win my heart at "Hello". Every moment from when I wake up till deep in the night, there is no place on earth I would rather be than holding and kissing you tenderly.You are a special woman with unique and intriguing qualities that drive my desire for you far beyond any imagination. Never in my life until the day I met you have I wanted to bring a child into this world, share everything, offer all my love unconditionally, and grow old with someone to one day reminisce of the years we shared together. Just the thought of offering my total heart and spending my life cherishing every moment with you, brings these incredible emotions to me I have never experienced before.The worse day of my life was letting you slip out of my life three years ago because the timing just was not right for either of us, but second chances do not come too often in life. I will not go on another day without giving us a true chance at a life with love and happiness I know we could embrace together.A wise man once told me, "When it is real, you will know," … I know.Love, hugs & kisses,
Frank

Dear someone,In life, we receive a wonderful opportunity, and that is to love. Love comes in many forms. You love people in different ways and for different reasons, depending upon how they have touched your life. Love is a very powerful word and can describe a multitude of feelings, but its main context carries the same meaning.I want to tell you that the love I have for you is undying. It is a love that is strong and enduring and will stand the test of time. I truly feel blessed that you have become a part of my life and I cannot wait for the day that we can join our lives together. I want to lie next to you at night and fall asleep in your arms, only to wake to your beautiful smile. I want to share in your joys and sorrows. I want to be your everything. You are everything to me.You are everything I do. You see and bring out the best in me. You are the one I want to share everything with - my thoughts, hopes and dreams. Thinking of you makes my heart feel full. You are such a source of inspiration for me. I will forever be indebted to you for all you have brought to my life. So, to repay you, I promise you my heart and all the love in it for the rest of my life....
Love always,
Your Angel

Dear Asha,You are my everything. Thank you for loving me the way no one can. You understand me and you know just how to make things right. You will never know just how much I love you, but I will spend the rest of my days trying to show you. You saved me from the worst, and you are always there for me. Fighting is never an option and making love is always as sweet as the first time. No matter what, there will never be another for me and I will always keep you safe. I love you... for all eternity. Thank you, Asha!Love always...

 

Dear Daniel,When I met you, my life could not have been in a worse state. My heart had been broken too many times to count and life just didn't seem worth living anymore. Then you came along.From the first time I laid eyes on you, I knew that you would be someone that would make me smile again. You had such a warm, soft look on your face that I knew there was comfort and friendship in your heart. We started out as friends and you were the rock I needed in my life. I soon began to realize that what I was feeling for you was more than a friendship... something so overwhelming and wonderful that I couldn't even believe it myself. You opened my heart to new and wonderful things! You showed me what love really is and showed me that I was worth loving.Now, 3 years later, we are husband and wife! What I thought was love in my past, I now know was only a small taste of the love to come. You have given me hope, fulfilled dreams, and given me a reason to go on. You have helped me become a better person, a better Mom, and a better friend. You have completed me in more ways than you could ever imagine! The love you have given to me is sometimes so hard to believe that I still have to pinch myself to make sure it's really in my life!I love you so very much, Sweetheart, always and forever! I'm so very thankful to share this unbelievable love with you! I love you, my angel!!!Your wife always,Karen

Dear Fadia,It has been a long time since we met. I can't believe how long I've been loving you and how long I've contained my love.The look of your eyes and that smile that you gave me melted my heart away. Those smooth cheeks you have, oh, I wished I could've given you a kiss right away. As soon as I see your face, my knees go weak, my heart throbs hoping to feel you around me. Your body is perfection and to me it does not matter.I loved the way you looked at me the other day. I couldn't talk, my mouth felt numb and I stuttered. I wished I had the courage to do so 'cause you're the most beautiful angel I have ever seen. Maybe God closed my eyes to other girls and you attracted my attention. I have been waiting for you for 3 years now, I hope I'll be able to talk to you soon. I just don't have the courage.Thanks for the smile you gave me. I really felt so lightened inside that I melted. I could say nothing but to just stare at your natural beauty. I wish we could go out together one day and we could have our nights by the bay and that I could pour out my feelings to you. Thank you, you awaken me, deep inside. Even if you don't love me, I'll always wait for you and no matter what, you are in my heart... no matter what happens. I hope I'll be able to hold you in my arms and tell you that I love you. That's all I need from you. I love you and that's a promise.Love always,
Fred

 

Dear you,The way I feel for you amazes me daily. I have never loved before, not like this. Even after all this time, whenever you walk into the room, my heart still skips a beat. It is so comforting, to look across the room at you to find you looking at me, and somehow I know what you are thinking. This is a magical bond we share, and I treasure it in my heart.Your kisses, whether tender and gentle or rough and demanding, are consuming. Your touch is like fire and surprisingly, I find myself time and time again, completely surrendering to your love. For me, there is no control, not when it comes to how I feel about you. You are the world to me baby, and my world is brighter, since our paths have crossed.As we travel on our journey, hand-in-hand, there is no obstacle we can not get past. With you, I am strong. With you, I am happy. With you, life is good. I love you and want you beside me, always.
Totally In Love and Yours,
Your Lora

My Dear Diana,I was just reminiscing about Sunday evening, and it was such a perfect night.Sitting across the table from you, listening to your fabulous stories, I feel that I was mesmerized. You're so passionate and intense when you speak about all the things you loved. I find that so attractive.The food you selected was perfect. And the wine Sipping it from the delicate glass enhanced the taste and it warmed my body as it filled up my insides.
Dinner was sumptuous. The pasta was so flavorful; I savored every bite, sucking each strand of linguini slowly through my pursed lips as I listened to you speak.
It was a luscious supper, and you were a delicious date.
I loved it after dinner when we sat there gazing into each other's eyes sipping our wine. After each sip, the subtle taste of wine lingered on my lips, and I licked them so slowly,catching every last drop. And when you touched my lip with your finger, capturing that one drop of wine that I missed, and then licked your finger, a tingling sensation flooded my entire body.

Short Functional: Announcement

Attention, please:

To all passengers of Argolawu train, please get on board now. The train is going to leave in 5 minutes. Thank you.

Definition:

Announcement is something said, written, or printed to make known what has happened or (more often) what will happen.

Structure of Announcement:

1. Title

2. Opening

3. Purpose of announcement

4. Content of announcement

5. Date/time/place

6. Contact person

7. Closing

Examples:

1. Attention, please.
We've found some keys in the hall. If you have lost them, please meet Mr. Erwanto at the teacher room during the break. Thank you.

2. Attention, please.
To celebrate our Independence Day, we will hold some activities. One of them is blood donation. A drop of your blood is very meaningful for those who need it. If you want to donate your blood, please contact Rosil in the OSIS room. Thank you.

3. To: Students of grade X-5
Today, I can't give you a lesson since I have go to Bandung. Please write recount texts telling about your memorable experiences. Then put your work on my desk. We will discuss them on the nent class.
Thank you.
Mrs. Hana

4. Hello guys,
Welcome to football club Senior High School 2 Palangkaraya. I'm Aprinando as captain in the club football. I want give information about the nent match. Next week we will again against Senior High School 5 Palangkaraya in the friendly match. Exactly will be held Wednest, August 17, 2011 at 4 p.m. I hope we can play fairly and make Senior High School 2 Palangkaraya be the best. Thank you.

5. Attention, please.
Good mornhng students. Adinda's mother, Mrs. Harzawan, passed away last night after being hospitalized for a few days. The funeral ceremony will start at 1 p.m. Please do come and express your condolances. Your presence will comfort her. Thank you.

6. Attention, please.
I believe you still remember the powerful earthquake which happened last week. The earthquake also happened in the areas where some students of this school live. Many houses there have destroyed, including the students' houses. To show our sympathy to them, we will visit them next Saturday. We will also donate some money. Anyone who wan ts to donate some money may contact the OSIS chairperson, Kiky. Hopefully our little help will lessen their burden. Thank you.

The texts (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) above is an announcement. It is used to give information about something in a public place. An announcement can be spoken or written. An announcement is a simpletext/note to inform something important to the targeted listeners.

7. Listen. This announcement comes from Rosil. She has just lost her purse. It is a brown leather purse with a written initial "SM". Its size is 15-10 cm. Inside the purse are her student card on the name of Ross Shield Renti Bellinda, her ATM card an a hundred thousand note. She probably lost it along Jalan Sriwijaya. If you find it, please call her soon on 788532. There will be a reward to anyone who finds it. Thank you.

8. Attention, please. A biology book was found in the library. There's no name on it, only an initial "TN". If you are the owner, you can go to the library to claim it. Thank you.

The text (7, 8) is an example of lost or found announcements. People make such announcements whenever they have lost or found something valuable. In the announcements, they have to say a clear description about the person/thing they have lost or found.

9. Attention, please.
There will be a swimming contest for Junior High School Students. Those who are interested should enroll themselves to Mr. Sule not later than February the fifteenth. The contest will be held on February the twenty fifth at . Get further information in a brochure attached to the announcement board.
Thank you.

The text above is a spoken contest announcement. It is stated publicly. It usually starts with an expression of gaining attention or salutation and sometimes ends with an expression of thanking. It gives people information or news. It is usually short so that people can remember easily what it is about. The announcement contents depend on the events and the announcer's purpose.

10. Attention, please.
Persada Library Center is proud to announce a call for entries to the Annuak Writing Contest. We seek original short stories from new young talented writers. The stories should be typed and consist 

11. ANNOUNCEMENT
SCHOOL TRIP TO GOLDEN SAND BEACH
On 28th August, there will be a school trip to Golden Sand Beach.
Departure : 07.30.am
Program : Swimming, games, Volley Ball, and lunch at the sea. View restaurant.
Afternoon: Walk along the beach to the lagoon and watch the boat festival
Fee : Rp 50.000
Contact persaons: Vita, Zaskia
Chair person
Anne saragih

Present Perfect Tense

Present Perfect Tense merupakan Tenses ketiga dalam Bahasa Inggris. Secara sederhana diartikan sebagai bentuk waktu yang menjelaskan tentang suatu kejadian, peristiwa atau kejadian yang telah terjadi pada periode tertentu dan pada saat bicara, kejadian, peristiwa atau aktivitas tersebut tidak lagi dilakukan atau berlangsung.

Rumus:

a. Kalimat Verbal:

(+) Subjek + have, has + V3 + dll

(-) Subjek + have, has + not + V3 + dll
(?) Have, Has + subjek + V3 +dll?

b. Kalimat Non-Verbal(+) Subjek + have, has + been + dll
(-) Subjek + have, has + not + been + dll
(?) Have, Has + subjek +been +dll?

Perhatikan contoh berikut:

KALIMAT VERBAL

a. Kalimat Positif

• 
  
• I have seen the movie.
• We have seen the movie.
• You have seen the movie.
• They have seen the movie.
• He has seen the movie.
• She has seen the movie.
• My friend has seen the movie.

b. Kalimat Negatif

• 
  
• I have not seen the movie.
• We have not seen the movie.
• You have not seen the movie.
• They have not seen the movie.
• He has not seen the movie.
• She has not seen the movie.
• My friend has not seen the movie.

c. Kalimat Tanya

• 
  
• Have you seen the movie?
• Have they seen the movie?
• Has he seen the movie?
• Has she seen the movie?

KALIMAT NON-VERBAL

 a. Kalimat Positif

• I have been here for 20 minutes.
• We have been here for 20 minutes.
• You have been here for 20 minutes.
• They have been here for 20 minutes.
• He has been here for 20 minutes.
• She has been here for 20 minutes.
• My friend has been here for 20 minutes.

b. Kalimat Negatif

• I have not been here for 20 minutes.
• We have not been here for 20 minutes.
• You have not been here for 20 minutes.
• They have not been here for 20 minutes.
• He has not been here for 20 minutes.
• She has not been here for 20 minutes.
• My friend has not been here for 20 minutes.

c. Kalimat Tanya

• Have you been here for 20 minutes?
• Have they been here for 20 minutes?
• Has he been here for 20 minutes?
• Has she been here for 20 minutes?

Tense ini digunakan untuk:

•  Pengalaman
•  Perubahan
• Situasi Yang berkelanjutan

Perhatikan contoh-contoh kalimatnya berikut ini:

• We have never eaten pizza. (=I do not have any experience to eat pizza)
• John has broken his leg. (=yesterday John had a good leg)
•  I have lived in Medan for 3 years.

For & Since dengan Present Perfect Tense

• Kita memakai for untuk membicarakan tentang sebuah periode waktu.
• Kita memakai since untuk membicarakan tentang titik (batas waktu) di masa lampau.

Perhatikan contoh-contoh berikut ini:

• I have been here for 10 minutes.
• I have been here since 4 o'clock.
• Ann hasn't called me for 3 months.
• Margareth hasn't called since March .
• He has worked in Los Angeles for a long time.
• He has worked in Alabama since he left school.

Future Tense

Future Simple Tense sering juga disebut sebagai Present Future Simple Tense atau lebih dikenal sebagai Simple Future Tense. Secara sederhana Tenses ini diartikan sebagai bentuk waktu yang menjelaskan tentang suatu peristiwa yang akan terjadi di masa mendatang.

Rumus:

(1) Kalimat Verbal

• Kalimat Positif = Subjek + will/shall + V1 + dll
• Kalimat Negatif = Subjek + will/shall + not + V1 + dll
• Kalimat Tanya = Will/Shall + Subjek + V1 + dll?
  
  

(2) Kalimat Non-Verbal

• Kalimat Positif = Subjek + will/shall + be + dll
• Kalimat Negatif = Subjek + will/shall + not + be + dll
• Kalimat Tanya = Will/Shall + Subjek + be + dll?
  

CATATAN:

• Dalam American English, Semua subjek menggunakan will. Shall tidak digunakan dalam Future Simple Tense.
• Dalam British English. Will digunakan untuk semua Subjek, namun Shall hanya digunakan untuk I dan we saja.
  

Contoh:

• They will go home soon. 
• They will not go home soon. 
• Will they go home soon? 
• She will be here tomorrow. 
• She won't be here tomorrow. 
• Will she be here tomorrow?

Keterangan Waktu

Keterangan waktu yang sering digunakan pada SImple Future Tense ini adalah:

• Next ...
• Tomorrow
• dll.
  

Penyingkatan

Bentuk-bentuk penyingkatan yang sering digunakan pada Tenses ini adalah:

• Will --> 'll
• Will not --> won't
  

Kapan kita mengunakan Simple Future Tense?

a. Tidak Ada Rencana Sebelumnya

Kita menggunakan Tense ini ketika tidak ada rencana atau keputusan untuk melakukan sesuatu sebelum kita berbicara. Kita membuat keputusannya secara spontan pada saat bicara.

Perhatikan contoh berikut:

• Hold on. I‘ll get a pen. (Tunggu. Saya ada pena)
• We will see what we can do to help you. (Kita lihat apa yang bisa kita lakukan untukmu)
• Maybe we‘ll stay in and watch television tonight. (Mungkin kita akan tinggal dan menonton TV malam ini)

b. Prediksi

Kita sering menggunakan Tense ini untuk membaut prediksi di masa mendatang. Lagi-lagi tidak ada rencana. Kita hanya berusaha mengucapkan apa yang kita fikir akan terjadi.

Contoh:

• It will rain tomorrow. (Hari akan hujan)
• People won’t go to Jupiter before the 22nd century. (Orang-orang tidak akan ke planet Jupiter sebelum abad ke 22)
• Who do you think will get the job? (Bagaimana menurutmu untuk mendapatkan pekerjaan itu?)

Probably & Perhaps

Probably (mungkin) dan Perhaps (barangkali) sering juga digunakan pada Tenses ini. Pada contoh di bawahini, perhatikan posisi "probably" dan "perhaps".

Contoh:

• I will probably come with my sister. (Saya mungkin akan datang dengan adik saya) 

• Perhaps, I will come with my sister. (Barangkali saya akan datang dengan adik saya)

Will & Going to

Will dan Going to akan kami bahas secara terpisah pada postingan lain. 

Bentuk lain dari Future Tense

Ternyata dalam Bahasa Inggris, tidak hanya will saja yang dapat menyatakan "akan". Ada juga bentuk-bentuk lain yang dapatkita gunakan untuk menggantikannya, namun fungsinya berbeda. Penjelasan masing-masing bagian di bawah ini akan kami jelaskan secara terpisah. Silahkan click di bawah ini.

• Simple Present Tense
• Present Continuous Tense
• About to

Present Continuous Tense

Present Continuous Tense adalah Tenses kedua dalam Bahasa Inggris. Secara sederhana Tenses ini diartikan sebagai bentuk waktu yang menjelaskan tentang suatu kejadian, peristiwa atau aktivitas yang sedang berlangsung pada saat berbicara.

Rumus:
subject + is, am, are + V- ing + dll

Perhatikan contoh berikut ini:

• 
  
• I am talking to you.
• You are reading this book.
• She is not staying in Medan.
• We are not playing softball.
• Is he watching TV?
• Are they waiting for Alex?

Tense ini dipakai untuk menjelaskan tentang:

• Kejadian yang sedang terjadi sekarang, atau
• Kejadian yang akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang

Perhatikan contoh-contoh kalimat berikut untuk menjelaskan kejadian yang akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang

• We're eating in a luxury restaurant tonight. We've already booked the table.
• They can play golf with you tomorrow. They're not working.

Pada contoh diatas, kita telah memiliki Sebuah rencana yang matang sebelum kita berbicara. Keputusan dan rencananya dibuat sebelum berbicara.

About To

Untuk menyatakan "akan" dalam Bahasa Inggris, sangatlah beragam. Mungkin selama ini, kata yang kita ketahui adalah “will" dan "going to". Namun sebenarnya masih banyak lagi kata-kata yang digunakan untuk menyatakan “akan”, dan salah satunya adalah "about to". About to digunakan untuk menyatakan “akan yang sebentar lagi akan terjadi atau dilakukan”.

Dalam Bahasa Indonesia, kita dapat ambil contoh misalnya langit yang begitu hitam, dan mulai rintik-rintik. Kita dapat mengatakannya dengan “it’s about to rain”.

Contoh lain:

• Don’t go out now. We are about to have lunch.
  (Jangan keluar, kita sudah mau makan siang - makan siangnya sudah siap di atas meja)
• I was about to go to bed when there was a knock at the door.
  (Saya baru mau tidur ketika ada seseorang yang mengetuk pintu)