Guru Bahasa Inggris: September 2013

Verbs carry the idea of being or action in the sentence.

I am a student.

The students passed all their courses.

Articles, Determiners, and Quantifiers

Definition

Articles, determiners, and quantifiers are those little words that precede and modify nouns:

the teacher, a college, a bit of honey, that person, those people, whatever purpose, either way, your choice

Adverbs

Definition

Adverbs are words that modify

A phrase is a group of related words that does not include a subject and verb. (If the group of related words does contain a subject and verb, it is considered a clause.) There are several different kinds of phrases. Understanding how they are constructed and how they function within a sentence can bolster a writer's confidence in writing sentences that are sound in structure and various in form.

Conjunctions

Definition

Some words are satisfied spending an evening at home, alone, eating ice-cream right out of the box, watching Seinfeld re-runs on TV, or reading a good book. Others aren't happy unless they're out on the town, mixing it up with other words; they're joiners and they just can't help themselves. A conjunction is a joiner, a word that connects (conjoins) parts of a sentence.

Adjectives

Definition

Adjectives are words that describe or modify another person or thing in the sentence. The Articles — a, an, and the — are adjectives.

Predicate, Objects, and Complements

Predicates

A predicate is the completer of a sentence. The subject names the "do-er" or "be-er" of the sentence; the predicate does the rest of the work. A simple predicate consists of only a verb, verb string, or compound verb:

Clauses

Clauses adalah serangkaian kata yang mengandung subjek (pokok kalimat) dan predikat (sebutan kalimat). Dalam bahasa Inggris ada 2 macam Clauses, yaitu, Main Clauses (Induk Kalimat) dan Subordinate Clauses (Anak Kalimat). Perhatikan penjelasannya di bawah ini:

1. MAIN CLAUSE

Main Clause (induk kalimat) disebut juga dengan Independent Clauses adalah serangkaian kata yang mengandung subjek dan predikat yang telah mempunyai pengertian sempurna (jelas), dan dapat berdiri sendiri, artinya tidak tergantung pada Clause yang lain.

Contoh:

We study English.

English is an international language.

She has finished working.

2. SUBORDINATIVE CLAUSE

Subordinate Clause (anak kalimat) disebut jugs dengan Dependent Clause, adalah serangkaian kata yang mengandung subjek dan predikat tetapi belum mempunyai pengertian yang sempurna, dan tidak dapat berdiri sendiri, artinya tergantung pads kata-kata yang lain (Main Clause).

Contoh:

I will go if you go.

She won’t come unless you invite her.

I enjoy my job although I work long hours.

Kata-kata yang dimiringkan di atas ialah contoh dependent clause (mengandung subject dan verb). Namun, Clause tersebut tidak dapat berdiri sendiri sebagai kalimat utuh jika tidak melekat pada main clause (yang tidak dicetak miring). Berdasarkan fungsi (penggunaannya) subordinative Clauses diklasifikasikan menjadi 3 macam, yaitu: NOUN CLAUSE, ADJECTIVE CLAUSE, ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

Short explanation: Part of Speech

Three little words you often see are ARTICLES
Ex. : a, an, and the.

A NOUN's the name of anything,
Ex.: school or garden, toy, or swing.

ADJECTIVES tell the kind of noun,
Ex.: great, small, pretty, white, or brown.

VERBS tell of something being done:
Ex.:To read, write, count, sing, jump, or run.

How things are done the ADVERBS tell,
Ex.: slowly, quickly, badly, well.

CONJUNCTIONS join the words together,
Ex.: men and women, wind or weather.

The PREPOSITION stands before A noun
Ex.: in or through a door.

The INTERJECTION shows surprise
Ex.: Oh, how pretty! Ah! how wise!

The whole are called the PARTS of SPEECH, which reading, writing, speaking teach.

Uses of Used to

The auxiliary verb construction used to is used to express an action that took place in the past, perhaps customarily, but now that action no longer customarily takes place:

We used to take long vacation trips with the whole family.

The spelling of this verb is a problem for some people because the "-ed" ending quite naturally disappears in speaking: "We yoostoo take long trips." But it ought not to disapp

ear in writing. There are exceptions, though. When the auxiliary is combined with another auxiliary, did, the past tense is carried by the new auxiliary and the "-ed" ending is dropped. This will often happen in the interrogative:

Didn't you use to go jogging every morning before breakfast?
It didn't use to be that way.

Used to can also be used to convey the sense of being accustomed to or familiar with something:

The tire factory down the road really stinks, but we're used to it by now.
I like these old sneakers; I'm used to them.

Used to is best reserved for colloquial usage; it has no place in formal or academic text.

Uses of Will and Would

In certain contexts, will and would are virtually interchangeable, but there are differences. Notice that the contracted form 'll is very frequently used for will.

Will can be used to express willingness:

I'll wash the dishes if you dry.
We're going to the movies. Will you join us?

It can also express intention (especially in the first person):

I'll do my exercises later on.

and prediction:

specific: The meeting will be over soon.
timeless: Humidity will ruin my hairdo.
habitual: The river will overflow its banks every spring.

Would can also be used to express willingness:

Would you please take off your hat?

It can also express insistence (rather rare, and with a strong stress on the word "would"):

Now you've ruined everything. You would act that way.

and characteristic activity:

customary: After work, he would walk to his home in West Hartford.
typical (casual): She would cause the whole family to be late, every time.

In a main clause, would can express a hypothetical meaning:

My cocker spaniel would weigh a ton if I let her eat what she wants.

Finally, would can express a sense of probability:

I hear a whistle. That would be the five o'clock train.

Uses of May and Might

Two of the more troublesome modal auxiliaries are may and might. When used in the context of granting or seeking permission, might is the past tense of may. Might is considerably more tentative than may.

May I leave class early?
If I've finished all my work and I'm really quiet, might I leave early?

In the context of expressing possibility, may and might are interchangeable present and future forms and might + have + past participle is the past form:

She might be my advisor next semester.
She may be my advisor next semester.
She might have advised me not to take biology.

Avoid confusing the sense of possibility in may with the implication of might, that a hypothetical situation has not in fact occurred. For instance, let's say there's been a helicopter crash at the airport. In his initial report, before all the facts are gathered, a newscaster could say that the pilot "may have been injured." After we discover that the pilot is in fact all right, the newscaster can now say that the pilot "might have been injured" because it is a hypothetical situation that has not occurred. Another example: a body had been identified after much work by a detective. It was reported that "without this painstaking work, the body may have remained unidentified." Since the body was, in fact, identified, might is clearly called for.

Can versus May

Whether the auxiliary verb can can be used to express permission or not — "Can I leave the room now?" ["I don't know if you can, but you may."] — depends on the level of formality of your text or situation. As Theodore Bernstein puts it in The Careful Writer, "a writer who is attentive to the proprieties will preserve the traditional distinction: can for ability or power to do something, may for permission to do it.

The question is at what level can you safely ignore the "proprieties." Merriam-Webster's Dictionary, tenth edition, says the battle is over and can can be used in virtually any situation to express or ask for permission. Most authorities, however, recommend a stricter adherence to the distinction, at least in formal situations.

Uses of Can and Could

The modal auxiliary can is used

to express ability (in the sense of being able to do something or knowing how to do something):
He can speak Spanish but he can't write it very well.
to expression permission (in the sense of being allowed or permitted to do something):
Can I talk to my friends in the library waiting room? (Note that can is less formal than may. Also, some writers will object to the use of can in this context.)
to express theoretical possibility:
American automobile makers can make better cars if they think there's a profit in it.

The modal auxiliary could is used

to express an ability in the past:
I could always beat you at tennis when we were kids.
to express past or future permission:
Could I bury my cat in your back yard?
to express present possibility:
We could always spend the afternoon just sitting around talking.
to express possibility or ability in contingent circumstances:
If he studied harder, he could pass this course.

In expressing ability, can and could frequently also imply willingness: Can you help me with my homework?

Uses of Do, Does and Did

In the simple present tense, do will function as an auxiliary to express the negative and to ask questions. (Does, however, is substituted for third-person, singular subjects in the present tense. The past tense did works with all persons, singular and plural.)

I don't study at night.
She doesn't work here anymore.
Do you attend this school?
Does he work here?

These verbs also work as "short answers," with the main verb omitted.

Does she work here? No, she doesn't ~~work here~~.

With "yes-no" questions, the form of do goes in front of the subject and the main verb comes after the subject:

Did your grandmother know Truman?
Do wildflowers grow in your back yard?

Forms of do are useful in expressing similarity and differences in conjunction with so and neither.

My wife hates spinach and so does my son.
My wife doesn't like spinach; neither do I.

Do is also helpful because it means you don't have to repeat the verb:

Larry excelled in language studies; so did his brother.
Raoul studies as hard as his sister does.

The so-called emphatic do has many uses in English.

To add emphasis to an entire sentence: "He does like spinach. He really does!"
To add emphasis to an imperative: "Do come in." (actually softens the command)
To add emphasis to a frequency adverb: "He never did understand his father." "She always does manage to hurt her mother's feelings."
To contradict a negative statement: "You didn't do your homework, did you?" "Oh, but I did finish it."
To ask a clarifying question about a previous negative statement: "Ridwell didn't take the tools." "Then who did take the tools?"
To indicate a strong concession: "Although the Clintons denied any wrong-doing, they did return some of the gifts."

In the absence of other modal auxiliaries, a form of do is used in question and negative constructions known as the get passive:

Did Rinaldo get selected by the committee?
The audience didn't get riled up by the politician.

Based on descriptions in Grammar Dimensions: Form, Meaning, and Use 2nd Ed. by Jan Frodesen and Janet Eyring. Heinle & Heinle: Boston. 1997. Examples our own.

Uses of Have, Has and Had

Forms of the verb to have are used to create tenses known as the present perfect and past perfect. The perfect tenses indicate that something has happened in the past; the present perfect indicating that something happened and might be continuing to happen, the past perfect indicating that something happened prior to something else happening. (That sounds worse than it really is!) See the section on Verb Tenses in the Active Voice for further explanation; also review material in the Directory of English Tenses.

To have is also in combination with other modal verbs to express probability and possibility in the past.

As an affirmative statement, to have can express how certain you are that something happened (when combined with an appropriate modal + have + a past participle): "Georgia must have left already." "Clinton might have known about the gifts." "They may have voted already."
As a negative statement, a modal is combined with not + have + a past participle to express how certain you are that something did not happen: "Clinton might not have known about the gifts." "I may not have been there at the time of the crime."
To ask about possibility or probability in the past, a modal is combined with the subject + have + past participle: "Could Clinton have known about the gifts?"
For short answers, a modal is combined with have: "Did Clinton know about this?" "I don't know. He may have." "The evidence is pretty positive. He must have."

To have (sometimes combined with to get) is used to express a logical inference:

It's been raining all week; the basement has to be flooded by now.
He hit his head on the doorway. He has got to be over seven feet tall!

Have is often combined with an infinitive to form an auxiliary whose meaning is similar to "must."

I have to have a car like that!
She has to pay her own tuition at college.
He has to have been the first student to try that.

Based on the analysis in Grammar Dimensions: Form, Meaning, and Use 2nd Ed. by Jan Frodesen and Janet Eyring. Heinle & Heinle: Boston. 1997. Examples our own.

Uses of Shall and Will and Should

In England, shall is used to express the simple future for first person I and we, as in "Shall we meet by the river?" Will would be used in the simple future for all other persons. Using will in the first person would express determination on the part of the speaker, as in "We will finish this project by tonight, by golly!" Using shall in second and third persons would indicate some kind of promise about the subject, as in "This shall be revealed to you in good time." This usage is certainly acceptable in the U.S., although shall is used far less frequently. The distinction between the two is often obscured by the contraction 'll, which is the same for both verbs.

Patient and Doctor

Patient : Doctor, a bee has stung me. The pain is unbearable.
Doctor : Don’t worry; I’ll apply some cream on it.
Patient : You’ll never find that bee. It must be faraway.
Doctor : No, I’ll apply the cream on the place where you were stung.
Patient : Oh! It happened in the park where I was sitting under a tree.
Doctor : No, No, you are mistaken; I mean, on the part of your body where the bee stung you.
Patient : Oh, it was on my finger!
Doctor : Which one?
Patient : How am I to know? All bees look the same to me.
Doctor : Oh my God! I have never come across such a foolish person in my life!

Helping and Modal Auxiliary Verbs

Helping verbs or auxiliary verbs such as will, shall, may, might, can, could, must, ought to, should, would, used to, need are used in conjunction with main verbs to express shades of time and mood. The combination of helping verbs with main verbs creates what are called verb phrases or verb strings. In the following sentence, "will have been" are helping or auxiliary verbs and "studying" is the main verb; the whole verb string is underlined:

Talking to a Foreigner

A: Good afternoon, Sir. Can I help you?

(Selamat siang Pak. Apakah ada yang bisa saya bantu?)

B: Yes, thanks. It’s very kind of you.

(Terima kasih, anda sangat baik sekali)

A: Are you tourist?

(Apakah anda turis?)

B: Yes I am. I come from holand. My name is Graaf. I’m glad to meet you.

(Ya. Saya dating dari holand. Nama saya Graaf. Senang bertemu dengan anda)

A: The pleasure is mine. My name is Ibrahim. I’m is a native here.

How long have you been here?

(Sama sama. Nama saya Ibrahim. Saya penduduk asli sini. Sudah berapa lama anda tinggal disini?)

B: I’ve been here for five days.

(Saya sudah 5 hari disini)

A: Are you going to stay for long?

(Apakah anda tinggal disini untuk waktu yang lama?)

B: No, I’m just on a short holiday.

(Tidak. Saya tinggal disini hanya pada masa liburan ini saja)

A: How long are you going to stay?

(Berapa lama anda akan tinggal disini?)

B: I hope to stay about two weeks.

(Sekitar 2 minggu)

A: Are you enjoying it here?

(Apakah disini menyenangkan?)

B: Yes, I like it very much.

(Ya, saya sangat suka sekali)

A:Is it too hot for you?

(Apakah disini menurut anda panas sekali menurut anda?)

B: It’s hot, but not to hot.

(Panas biasa, tidak terlalu panas sekali)

A: And how do you find the feed?

(Dari mana anda mendapatkan makanan ini?)

B:It’s delicious and very tasty.

(Ini sangat enak)

A:Where are you staying?

(Dimana anda tinggal?)

B:I’m staying Mr and Mrs Azziz.

(Saya tinggal bersama Mr and Mrs Azziz)

A: Yes I know them very well. I hope you have a nice holiday here.

(Ya. Saya kenal dengan mereka. Semoga liburan anda menyenangkan.)

B: Thank you. I’m sure I will.

Simple Presentation

Pengantar

(Good morning, afternoon, evening)
I'm happy to be here.
I'm glad to have this opportunity to...

Asking and Giving instruction

Meminta Instruksi

How do you (do this)?
How do I . . . ?

Shopping

Dalam berbelanja, ada standard percakapan yang harus kita ketahui. Walaupun kita tahu bahwa dalam percakapan tidaklah kaku, sangat bergantung pada situasi pada saat kita berbelanja. Namun sebagai panduan untuk Anda dalam berbelanja dan ekspresi apa saja yang biasanya umum dalam percakapan Bahasa Inggris, silahkan perhatikan contoh percakapan atau ekspresi di bawah ini.

Namun, tetap ingat, ini hanyalah contoh, kita dapat mengembangkannya sesuai dengan kebutuhan di lapangan.

Catatan:
A dan X adalah orang 1 yang berbicara.
B dan Y adalah orang 2 yang berbicara.

_______________________________________

A: Where are the pencils?
B: They're on the second shelf.
A: Okay, thanks.

X: How much is this mirror?
Y: It's $19.95.
X: Okay. I'll take it.

A: How much does this cost?
B: That one is $5.00.
A: How about this one?

X: How much are these?
Y: They're $4.00 each.
X: That's too expensive.

A: Do you have any t-shirts?
B: What size? Medium or Large?
A: Large.

X: That comes to $26.59.
Y: Here's $30.00.
X: Your change is $3.41

A: That will be $17.48.
B: Here's $17.50. Keep the change.
A: Thanks.

_______________________________________

Artinya:A: Pinsil di sebelah mana ya?
B: Di rak yang kedua.
A: Terima kasih.

X: Berapa harga Cermin ini?
Y: Harganya $19.95.
X: OK. Saya ambil.

A: Berapa harganya ini?
B: Itu $5.00.
A: Kalau yang ini berapa?

X: Berapa harganya ini?
Y: Satu $4.00.
X: Mahal kali.

A: Ada Kaos?
B: Ukuran apa? Sedang atau besar?
A: Yang besar.

X: Itu Harganya $26.59.
Y: Ini $30.00.
X: Kembaliannya $3.41

A: Itu harganya $17.48.
B: Ini $17.50. Ambil saja kembaliannya
A: Terima kasih

Expressing Thanks

Memang bukanlah hal yang sulit bagi kita untuk mengucapkan terima kasih dalam Bahasa Inggris, namun demikian ada beberapa bentuk cara mengucapkan terima kasih dalam Bahasa Inggris. Hal ini perlu diketahui agar apa yang kita ucapkan tidak monoton dan ada variasi dan terdengar indah.

At A Store

Menyambung pelajaran kita terdahulu tentang cara berbelanja, maka kita mungkin akan mendapati percakapan di toko seperti di bawah ini:

Ketika Anda masuk ke sebuah toko, percakapan yang terjadi mungkin seperti berikut ini:

Penjualnya mungkin berkata:

May I help you?
Can I help you?
Can I help you find something?
What can I do for you?

Kita mungkin berkata:

Excuse me. Do you work here?
Can I ask you something?

Pelanggan biasanya meresponnya dengan ungkapan berikut:

Yes. I'm looking for ________________.
Do you have any ___________ (s)?
Can you tell me where the ___________is/are?

Ketika Pelanggan ingin meninggalkan toko:

Penjual/Penjaga Toko:

Did you find everything you needed?
(Sudah dapat yang Anda butuhkan?)

Did you find what you were looking for?
(Sudah dapat yang Anda cari?)

Will that be all (for today)?
(Sudah semua)

Is that everything?
(Will there be) anything else?

Pelanggan:

That's all for today.
That's it. Thanks.

Introducing Yourself

Kadangkala kita sering diminta untuk memperkenalkan diri di depan teman atau orang lain pada saat pertama sekali kita masuk kelas, masuk kerja atau pada saat interview. Walaupun contoh berikut ini sangatlah sederhana, namun mungkin cukup untuk pemula.

Daily Expression

Berikut ini adalah ungkapan-ungkapan yang umum dan sering digunakan dalam percakapan sehari-hari.

Telling Time

Menyatakan waktu dalam Bahasa Inggris tidaklah sesukar yang kita bayangkan. Ingat saja aturan main seperti dijelaskan di bawah ini:

Bentuk Pertanyaan

What Time is it? (Jam Berapa Sekarang?)

Alternatif Bentuk Jawaban

7:00 = It's seven o'clock

= It's seven p.m.

= It's seven a.m.

12:00 = It's twelve o'clock

= It's noon / midnight

08:10 = It's ten (minutes) past eight

= It's eight ten

= It's ten after eight

08:50 = It's ten to nine

= It's eight fifty

= It's ten before nine

08:15 = It's a quarter past eight
08:45 = It's a quarter to nine
08:07 = It's seven minutes past eight

Keterangan:

Untuk menyatakan waktu/jam, ucapkan menit dulu baru kemudian jam
Jika bilangan menitnya lewat dari 30, maka gunakan to atau before.
Pengunaan after dan before adalah cara American English.
Untuk cara yang paling mudah, gunakan saja cara bahasa Indonesia, contoh pukul 09:20 (nine twenty).

Asking About Place And Location

Pada saat kita berada di sebuah lokasi yang terasa baru buat kita dan kita ingin mendapatkan informasi tentang sebuah tempat atau lokasi, maka kita harus perhatikan cara yang tepat untuk menanyakannya. Sebab, salah bertanya, mungkin orang lain yang kita tanya tidak akan memberitahukan apa yang kita cari, walaupun mereka tahu.

Telephone Talk

Cara yang baik ketika kita bertelepon adalah sebagai berikut:

Bertelepon
R "Penerima Telepon" dan C "Orang Yang Menelpon."

Conversation 1
Rrrrring.
R: Hello.
C: Hello. Is Steve there?
R: I'm sorry. He's not here right now.
C: What time will he be back?
R: Around five thirty.
C: This afternoon?
R: Yes. May I ask who's calling?
C: This is his friend, Greg.
R: Okay. I'll tell him you called.
C: Thanks.

Conversation 2
Rrrrring.
R: Tyler residence.
C: Is this Naomi?
R: No, this is her sister, Nancy.
C: You sure sound like Naomi.
R: Oh. Can I take a message?
C: Sure. Please tell her that Andy called.
R: Okay. I'll give her the message.
C: Thanks.
R: Bye.

Useful Expression

Ungkapan di bawah ini mungkin akan bermanfa'at buat Anda. Kami sengaja mengkoleksinya hanya untuk Anda.

Accepting And Refusing

Kalau Anda menolak sesuatu, maka tolaklah dengan cara dan bahasa/ekspresi yang sopan, sehingga tidak akan menyinggung perasaan orang yang menawarkannya kepada Anda. Perhatikan contoh-contoh ekspresinya berikut ini: Tulisan berwarna biru adalah cara menolak dengan cara yang sopan.

Asking For Repetition

Pada saat kita berbicara dengan orang lain, terkadang kita tidak dapat dengan jelas apa yang ia sedang bicarakan. Nah, untuk meminta agar ia mengulang apa yang ia ucapkan, maka gunakan ekspresi seperti dibawah ini:

Caranya adalah sebagai berikut:

Pardon?
I beg your pardon?
Excuse me?
I'm sorry?

Jadi, mulai sekarang, jangan gunakan "what?" lagi, ya.

Agreeing and Disagreeing

Di bawah ini adalah cara Anda menyatakan ekspresi setuju dan tidak setuju.

Introducing Other People

Kalau pada pelajaran terdahulu, kita telah belajar bagaimana kita memperkenalkan diri sendiri, maka pada pelajaran berikut, kita akan mempelajari bagaimana kita memperkenalkan orang lain.

Latihan

A: Orang yang Memperkenalkan
B: Orang Yang dikenalkan
C: Orang Yang dikenalkan

Contoh

A: Have you two met each other?
B: No, we haven't.
A: Ben, this is Carol. Carol this is Ben. (B dan C saling berjabatan tangan.)
B: Nice to meet you Carol.
C: Nice to meet you too, Ben.

Follow-up:

Setelah Anda dikenalkan, biasanya Anda akan bertanya hal-hal umu lainnya seperti percakapan berikut ini.
B: Where are you from, Carol?
C: I'm from Connecticut.
B: Connecticut, which part?
C: Hartford, the capital. How about you, Ben?
B: Nebraska--a place called Bellevue. It's near Omaha.
C: How do you know Alan (A)?
B: He is my friend from college.

Jangan tanyakan hal-hal berikut ini:

Umur
Tanggal Lahir
Gaji
Berat Badan
Status Perkawinan
Agama
Nomor Sepatu
Dan hal-hal lain yang tidak sopan untuk ditanyakan