Pak Pesut said, “I’m not going with
you!” = Present Continuous Tense
·
Pak Pesut said that he was not going
with them. = Past Continuous Tense
The difference between those two
sentences is the way they are conveyed,
- by repeating the exact words spoken is called direct speech as in the first sentence
- by reporting the words spoken is called indirect or reported speech as in the second sentence
Examples:
·
“I will stay here,” said Pak
Pesut. (Direct Speech)
·
Pak Pesut said that he would not
stay there. (Indirect Speech)
·
Pak Pesut told the villagers that “I
have enough rice for my family.” (Direct
Speech)
·
Pak Pesut told the villagers that he
had enough rice for his family. (Indirect
Speech)
Direct & Indirect Speech terdiri dari 3 jenis yaitu :
I.
Statement (pernyataan)
II.
Command (perintah)
III.
Question (pertanyaan)
Perubahan-perubahan yang perlu dari
Direct ke Indirect Speech :
1.
To be & Auxiliary Verbs
|
Direct
|
Indirect
|
|
Am/is/are
|
Was/were
|
|
Shall/will
|
Should/would
|
|
Can
|
Could
|
|
May
|
Might
|
|
Must/ought to/has to/have to
|
Had to
|
|
Was/were
|
Had been
|
|
Must not
|
Was’t to/mustn’t
|
|
Need not
|
Didn’t have to
|
2.
Adverb of Time & Place
(keterangan waktu & tempat)
|
Direct
|
Indirect
|
|
Now
|
Then
|
|
Tomorrow
|
The following day
|
|
Next week
|
The following week
|
|
Tonight
|
That night
|
|
Today
|
That day
|
|
Yesterday
|
The day before
|
|
Last night
|
The night before
|
|
Here
|
There
|
|
This
|
That
|
|
These
|
Those
|
3.
Tenses
|
Direct
|
Indirect
|
|
Simple present
|
Simple past
|
|
Simple past/present perfect
|
Past perfect
|
|
Present continuous
|
Past continuous
|
|
Simple future
|
Past future
|
I.
STATEMENT
Dalam
Indirect Statement kita menggunakan kata that (bahwa) sebagai
penghubung antara kalimat pengantar (introduce phrase) dan kata-kata yang
dilaporkan (reported words). Kalimat-kalimat pengantar dalam indirect statement
ialah :
He
said
He
said to
me
that + reported words
He
told me
e.g - Mary told her friends “I
have been to Bali twice.”
-
Mary told her friends that she had been to Bali twice.
- Father
said “I am going out of town tomorrow”
- Father
said that he was going out of town the following day.
II.
COMMAND
Command
dibagi dalam 2 (dua) bagian yaitu :
1. Positive
Command
Dalam perintah positif kita
tambahkan to di depan kalimat perintahnya, sebagai penghubung
antara kalimat pengantar dan perintah yang dilaporkan. Kalimat-kalimat
pengantar dalam jenis ini ialah :
|
to + infinitive
|
He
asked me
He
told me
e.g - He asked me “Open your book!”
-
He asked me to open my book.
-
Mary told me “Stop talking to Jane!”
-
Mary told me to stop talking to
Jane.
2.
Negative
Command
Dalam perintah negatif kita
tambahkan not to di depan perintah yang dilaporkan.
e.g
- Mary told John “Don’t wait for
me!”
-
Mary told John not to wait for her.
III.
QUESTION
Bila
pertanyaan langsung (direct question) menggunakan kata-kata tanya seperti: Where,
When, Why, What, Who, How, dll, maka kata-kata tersebut
digunakan sebagai penghubung dalam reported Speech. Pertanyaan yang dilaporkan
berubaha menjadi bentuk positif. Kalimat pengantarnya ialah :
He asked me where/When
etc.
e.g - The man asked me : “Where do you live ?”
-
The man asked me where I lived.
- John asked Mary : “Why do you get angry with me ?”
-
John asked Mary why she got angry
with him.
Bila
pertanyaan langsung tidak menggunakan kata-kata tanya, dan hanya merupakan
pertanyaan dalam bentuk “Yes & No Question”, maka kita
menggunakan kata-kata if, whether (jika, apakah) sebagai
penghubung antara kalimat pengantar dan pertanyaan yang dilaporkan.
e.g - The boy asked John : “Does Mary live near here?”
-
The boy asked John if Mary lived near there.